Operation Backfire was a military scientific operation during and after World War II, which was performed mainly by British staff. It was part of the Allies' scramble to acquire German technology.
For this operation, four V-2 rockets were launched during October 1945 from a launch pad at north-east of Arensch near Cuxhaven in Germany, in order to demonstrate the weapon to Allied personnel.
The Americans had already taken away most of the V2 rocket technology from the German underground Mittelwerk factory at the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp near Nordhausen. Before the Soviets took control of that area, the British were given the opportunity to gather material. They were able to assemble parts sufficient to build eight V2 rockets. Some parts were still missing and there was a search throughout Germany. Some 400 railway cars and 70 Lancaster flights were used to bring the quarter-of-a-million parts and 60 specialized vehicles to Cuxhaven, the most elusive part being batteries to operate the guidance gyros. The US supplied some tail assemblies from those that they had taken. Many of the rockets and the hydrogen peroxide fuel used in the operation was provided by T-Force, a secretive British Army unit that had, in spring and summer 1945, searched for German military technology and scientists.[1]
The handling and launch procedures were unknown, so German personnel were ordered to perform these, which for the most part they did willingly . The launches were filmed and because the personnel wore their original uniforms and the rockets were painted in near to their original livery, this footage (often used for documentaries) has been mistaken for footage of wartime German launches.
At the site of the former launchpad there is a trough and some remnants of shelters.
During and after the launches, the British attempted to recruit German personnel, even those transferred from US custody and due to be returned, to assist with their own missile programme.
Contents |
Three rockets were launched, as follows:
| Date | Time | Maximum height | Length of flight | Remarks |
| October 2, 1945 | 14h41 | 69.4 km | 249.4 km | |
| October 4, 1945 | 14h16 | 17.4 km | 24 km | Engine failure shortly after launch |
| October 15, 1945 | 15h06 | 64 km | 233 km | Some sources indicate launch took place on October 14, 1945 |
| October 17, 1945 | 80 km | Final Flight |
According to the Report on Operation Backfire, there were three Cuxhaven launches. Backfire Rocket One was prepared for launch on 1st October but proved unwilling. Backfire Rocket Two was prepared for launch on 2nd October and was launched without difficulty. The second Cuxhaven launch took place on 4th October with our previously reluctant virgin Backfire Rocket One. A third and final rocket was launched for representatives of the press and Allies on 15th October under the name Operation Clitterhouse. (Report on Op Backfire, Vol One, Section 7, paras 100-106)
